Revista Panamericana de salud Pública/Pan American Journal of Public Health

English
ABSTRACT

This document outlines the methodology of the Salud, Bienestar y Envejecimiento (Health, Well-Being, and Aging) survey (known as the "SABE survey"), and it also summarizes the challenges that the rapid aging of the population in Latin America and the Caribbean imposes on society in general and especially on health services. The populations of the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean are aging at a rate that has not been seen in the developed world. The evaluation of health problems and disability among older adults in those countries indicates that those persons are aging with more functional limitations and worse health than is true for their counterparts in developed nations. In addition, family networks in Latin America and the Caribbean are changing rapidly and have less capacity to make up for the lack of protections provided by social institutions. The multicenter SABE study was developed with the objective of evaluating the state of health of older adults in seven cities of Latin America and the Caribbean: Bridgetown, Barbados; Buenos Aires, Argentina; Havana, Cuba; Mexico City, Mexico; Montevideo, Uruguay; Santiago, Chile; and São Paulo, Brazil. The SABE survey has established the starting point for systematic research on aging in urban areas of Latin America and the Caribbean. Comparative studies of these characteristics and with this comparative nature should be extended to other countries, areas, and regions of the world in order to expand the knowledge available on older adults.

Keywords: Health, quality of life, aging, population, Latin America, Caribbean Region.

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RESUMEN

El presente documento reseña la metodología de la encuesta SABE y los desafíos que impone a la sociedad en general y a los servicios de salud en particular el rápido envejecimiento de la población en América Latina y el Caribe. La Región esta envejeciendo a un ritmo que no se ha observado en el mundo desarrollado, y la evaluación de problemas de salud y discapacidad indica que los adultos mayores están envejeciendo con más limitaciones funcionales y peor salud que sus semejantes en países desarrollados. Además, las redes familiares están cambiando rápidamente y tienen menos capacidad de suplir la falta de protección social institucional. El estudio multicéntrico SABE se creó con el objetivo de evaluar el estado de salud de las personas adultas mayores de siete ciudades de América Latina y el Caribe: Buenos Aires, Argentina; Bridgetown, Barbados; La Habana, Cuba; Montevideo, Uruguay; Santiago, Chile; México, D.F., México y São Paulo, Brasil. La encuesta SABE establece el punto de partida para la investigación sistemática del envejecimiento en zonas urbanas de la Región de América Latina y el Caribe. Se recomienda que estudios de estas características y con este ánimo comparativo se extiendan a otros países, zonas y regiones, para enriquecer el conocimiento sobre las personas adultas mayores.

Palabras clave: Salud, calidad de vida, envejecimiento, población, América Latina, Región del Caribe.

English
ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: For persons 60 years of age or older living in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, in the year 2000 to estimate four characteristics: (1) life expectancy free of functional disability, (2) life expectancy with functional disability, (3) life expectancy with functional disability but without dependence, and (4) life expectancy with functional disability and dependence.
METHODS: The estimates of the four characteristics were calculated by means of a life table constructed based on the method proposed by Sullivan. The basic data used for the calculations were the elderly population estimated for the city of São Paulo as of mid-2000, obtained from the demographic censuses of 1991 and 2000, and deaths in the elderly population, obtained from the State Data Analysis System Foundation (Fundação Sistema Estadual de Análise de Dados, or SEADE) of the state of São Paulo. The prevalences of functional disability and of functional dependence were calculated based on data concerning activities of daily living collected in the city of São Paulo as part of a project called Health, Well-being, and Aging in Latin America and the Caribbean (the "SABE project"). The activities of daily living considered were: dressing, eating, bathing, using the bathroom, lying down on the bed and getting up from it, and walking across a room. Functional disability was defined as difficulty in performing one or more of the activities of daily living. Dependence was defined as the need for help in performing at least one of the activities of daily living.
RESULTS: In 2000, 60-year-old men from the city of São Paulo could expect to live, on average, 17.6 years, of which 14.6 years (83%) would be free of functional disability. Women of the same age could expect to live 22.2 years, of which 16.4 years (74%) would be free of functional disability. Men would have a functional disability and be dependent on others for 1.6 years (9%), while the comparable period for women would be 2.5 years (11%).
CONCLUSIONS: Despite their longer life expectancy, the women faced more years with functional disability. The number of years with functional disability and dependence was also higher for the women. Public policies should take into account the differing needs of elderly women and of elderly men as well as other specific characteristics of this older population.

Keywords: Population dynamics, quality of life, health services for the aged.

Português
RESUMO

OBJETIVO: Determinar, para indivíduos com 60 anos ou mais no ano de 2000, no Município de São Paulo, por sexo e idade, a expectativa de vida livre de e com incapacidade funcional e, neste último caso, mensurar os anos a serem vividos com e sem dependência.
MÉTODO: As estimativas de expectativa de vida livre de incapacidade funcional, expectativa de vida com incapacidade funcional, expectativa de vida com incapacidade funcional e sem dependência e expectativa de vida com incapacidade funcional e dependência foram geradas a partir da construção de uma tabela de sobrevivência, conforme o método descrito por Sullivan. Os dados básicos utilizados para o cálculo das expectativas foram o número estimado de idosos no Município em meados de 2000, obtido a partir dos censos demográficos de 1991 e 2000, e as informações sobre óbitos na população idosa, obtidas da Fundação Sistema Estadual de Análise de Dados (SEADE). As taxas de prevalência de incapacidade funcional e dependência foram calculadas a partir dos dados sobre as atividades de vida diária do Projeto Saúde, Bem-Estar e Envelhecimento na América Latina e Caribe (SABE). As atividades de vida diária contempladas no SABE são: vestir-se, comer, tomar banho, ir ao banheiro, deitar-se e levantar da cama e atravessar um cômodo da casa. A incapacidade funcional foi definida como a dificuldade em realizar uma ou mais atividades de vida diária. A dependência foi definida como a necessidade de auxílio para realizar pelo menos uma atividade.
RESULTADOS: Em 2000, ao atingir os 60 anos, os homens paulistanos podiam esperar viver, em média, 17,6 anos, dos quais 14,6 (83%) seriam vividos livres de incapacidade funcional. As mulheres na mesma idade podiam esperar viver 22,2 anos, dos quais 16,4 anos (74%) seriam livres de incapacidade funcional. Dos anos com incapacidade funcional, os homens viveriam 1,6 ano (9%) com dependência, contra 2,5 anos (11%) para as mulheres.
CONCLUSÃO: Apesar de as mulheres idosas paulistanas terem apresentado maior expectativa de vida do que os homens, foi menor a proporção de anos vividos livres de incapacidade funcional. O número de anos com incapacidade funcional e dependência também foi maior entre as mulheres. As políticas públicas devem levar em conta as diferentes necessidades das mulheres e homens idosos, assim como outras especificidades dessa população.

Palavras-chave: Envelhecimento da população, qualidade de vida, saúde do idoso.

English
Objective. To identify affordable, sustainable methods to strengthen trauma care capabilities in Mexico, using the standards in the Guidelines for Essential Trauma Care, a publication that was developed by the World Health Organization and the International Society of Surgery to provide recommendations on elements of trauma care that should be in place in the various levels of health facilities in all countries.
Methods. The Guidelines publication was used as a basis for needs assessments conducted in 2003 and 2004 in three Mexican states. The states were selected to represent the range of geographic and economic conditions in the country: Oaxaca (south, lower economic status), Puebla (center, middle economic status), and Nuevo León (north, higher economic status). The sixteen facilities that were assessed included rural clinics, small hospitals, and large hospitals. Site visits incorporated direct inspection of physical resources as well as interviews with key administrative and clinical staff.
Results. Human and physical resources for trauma care were adequate in the hospitals, especially the larger ones. The survey did identify some deficiencies, such as shortages of stiff suction tips, pulse oximetry equipment, and some trauma-related medications. All of the clinics had difficulties with basic supplies for resuscitation, even though some received substantial numbers of trauma patients. In all levels of facilities there was room for improvement in ad¬ministrative functions to assure quality trauma care, including trauma registries, trauma-related quality improvement programs, and uniform in-service training.
Conclusions. This study identified several low-cost ways to strengthen trauma care in Mexico. The study also highlighted the usefulness of the recommended norms in the Guidelines for Essential Trauma Care publication in providing a standardized template by which to assess trauma care capabilities in nations worldwide.

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La evaluación de los recursos para el tratamiento de heridos en México a la luz de las pautas publicadas por la Organización Mundial de la Salud, Guidelines for Essential Trauma Care

Objetivo.Identificar formas asequibles y sustentables de reforzar los recursos para la atención de heridos en México aplicando las pautas contenidas en Guidelines for Essential Trauma Care [Pautas para el tratamiento básico de los heridos], publicación de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y de la Sociedad Quirúrgica Internacional que contiene recomendaciones sobre los componentes de la atención de heridos que deben poseer los servicios de salud de distintos niveles en todos los países.
Métodos.Las pautas publicadas (Guidelines) sirvieron de base para llevar a cabo evaluaciones de las necesidades en tres estados mexicanos en 2003 y en 2004. Los estados se escogieron con la idea de que estuviese representada la amplia variedad de condiciones geográficas y económicas del país: Oaxaca (en el sur y de estrato económico inferior), Puebla (en el centro y con un estrato económico mediano) y Nuevo León (en el norte y con un estrato económico más alto). Se evaluaron dieciséis centros entre los cuales había puestos de salud rurales, hospitales pequeños y hospitales gran-des. Se hicieron visitas a todos los centros para llevar a cabo la inspección directa de los recursos físicos en cada uno y entrevistar a miembros clave del personal administrativo y clínico.
Resultados. Los recursos humanos y físicos destinados a la atención de heridos eran de calidad satisfactoria en los hospitales, especialmente los más grandes. La encuesta reveló algunas deficiencias, tales como una escasez de succionadores rígidos, oxímetros de pulso y algunos medicamentos usados para tratar heridos. En todos los puestos se observaron dificultades con los equipos básicos de reanimación, a pesar de que algunos recibían un número bastante alto de heridos. En los centros de todos los niveles había margen para mejorar las funciones administrativas a fin de conseguir una atención de calidad que incluyese el mantenimiento de registros de heridos, programas para mejorar la atención de estos pacientes y uniformidad en el adiestramiento del personal durante el desempeño de sus funciones.
Conclusiones. En este estudio se identificaron varias formas baratas de reforzar la atención de pacientes heridos en México. También se subrayó la utilidad de las pautas recomendadas en la obra Guidelines for Essential Trauma Care como modelo estandarizado para evaluar los recursos para el tratamiento de heridos que poseen los países en cualquier parte del mundo.

English

Quality of life and utility measures: clinical parameters for decision-making in health

In recent decades, the international scientific community has become increasingly interested in the concept of quality of life. One of the most important implications of the focus on quality of life is a shift from “cure” to “a guarantee of a better life” as a health care goal, as well as the inclusion of individuals’ preferences for certain health states in the decision- making process associated with treatments, diagnostic strategies, and health spending. This is especially important as the prevalence of chronic diseases increases as a result of the aging of the population. This piece describes the main concepts and applications related to this new health paradigm, including quality of life itself, utility measures, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), and health decision analysis.

English

Is there a link between continuous quality improvement programs and health service users' satisfaction with prenatal care? An experience in Peruvian hospitals

OBJECTIVES: 1. To compare the level of health service user satisfaction (US) with antenatal care in hospitals where a program of continuous quality improvement (CQI) was implemented, in comparison to a reference group of patients seen at hospitals that did not participate in the program. 2. To compare the reasons for dissatisfaction in both groups of users. 3. To identify the factors associated with US.
METHODS: A quasi-experimental study of a representative sample of pregnant women attending prenatal care services. The women in the intervention group (n = 191) and the reference group (n = 185) were interviewed on leaving the prenatal care clinic. The dependent variable was satisfaction with prenatal care, and the independent variables were satisfaction of expectations, amiability, level of health information, perception of the equipment, waiting time, cleanliness and comfort. Descriptive and multivariate statistics were calculated.
RESULTS: The intervention group showed higher rates of US (67.5% versus 55.1% in the reference group, P = 0,014). The main reasons for dissatisfaction were long waiting times and discourteous treatment, which were more frequent in the reference group. The multivariate analysis identified cordiality of the health professionals, information provided during the visit, satisfaction of expectations and implementation of the CQI program as the factors that were significantly associated with US.
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show that the CQI program in maternal and perinatal health services was positively associated with US. These results reinforce the need for cordiality during prenatal care contacts with providers, and the need to provide appropriate information to the user, in order to help increase acceptability of and adhesion to health care recommendations among pregnant women.

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OBJETIVOS: 1) Determinar el nivel de satisfacción de las usuarias (SU) de control prenatal en hospitales donde se implementó un programa de mejora continua de la calidad (PMC), y comparar la SU en estos pacientes y en un grupo de referencia. 2) Estudiar comparativamente las razones de insatisfacción en ambos grupos. 3) Identificar los factores asociados a la SU y estudiar su relación con el programa de calidad.
MÉTODOS: Estudio cuasiexperimental con una muestra representativa de gestantes que acudieron a atención prenatal hospitalaria. Se aplicaron encuestas de salida en el grupo de intervención (n= 191) y el grupo de referencia (n= 185). La variable dependiente fue la satisfacción con la atención prenatal, y las independientes fueron satisfacción de expectativas, trato del personal, nivel de información, equipamiento, percepción del tiempo de espera, limpieza y comodidad. Se realizaron análisis estadísticos descriptivos y multivariados para responder a los objetivos.
RESULTADOS: En el grupo de pacientes que acudieron a los hospitales que participaron en el PMC se encontraron mayores niveles de SU (67,5% frente al 55,1% en el grupo de referencia, P = 0,014). Las razones de insatisfacción fueron el tiempo de espera prolongado y el trato inadecuado, siendo estas últimas más frecuentes en el grupo de referencia. El análisis multivariado indicó que el trato del personal, la información durante la consulta, la satisfacción de las expectativas y la aplicación del PMC fueron factores que mostraron una asociación estadísticamente significativa con la SU.
CONCLUSIONES: Se encontró que el PMC en los servicios maternos y perinatales tuvo una asociación positiva con la SU. Asimismo, los resultados refuerzan la necesidad de ofertar servicios humanizados de atención prenatal basados en el buen trato y en la información al usuario, con la idea de mejorar la aceptabilidad de los servicios de salud y la adherencia de la gestante a ellos.

English

The treatment received by public health services users in Mexico

Objective. To document the fact that differences in the treatment received by health services users in Mexico are mainly dependent on the type of provider, regardless of the users' socioeconomic status.
Methods. The data were obtained by means of a survey of 18 018 users who visited 73 health services in 13 states within Mexico. They were asked to grade the way the institution had performed in seven of the eight domains that define appropriate user treatment (autonomy, confidentiality, communication, respectful manner, condition of basic facilities, access to social assistance networks, and free user choice). The questionnaire included some vignettes to help determine user expectations. A composite ordinal probit model was applied; the perception of quality in connection with each of the appropriate treatment domains was the independent variable, whereas gender, educational level, age, type of provider, and user expectations were used as control variables.
Results. The type of provider was the main factor that determined users' perceptions regarding the treatment they received when visiting health services in Mexico. Institutions belonging to the social security system performed the worst, while the services provided under the program targeting the rural population (IMSS Oportunidades) received the highest scores. Overall, the domain that was most highly ranked was respectful manner, whereas the lowest score was given to the ability to choose the provider. Men felt they had been able to communicate better than women, while respectful manner, communication, and social support showed a significant negative association with educational level (P < 0.05).
Conclusions. Differences were noted in the way different public health service providers in Mexico treat their users, regardless of the latter's socioeconomic status. Social security system providers showed the greatest deficiencies in this respect. Respectful manner was the domain that received the highest scores in the case of all providers. Organizational changes need to be made, since the shortcomings detected are not solely determined by factors related to health personnel, but also by certain aspects of the way the health system is structured in Mexico.

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Objetivo. Documentar que las diferencias en el trato recibido por los usuarios de los servicios de salud en México dependen principalmente del proveedor, independientemente de las condiciones socioeconómicas de los usuarios.
Métodos. Los datos se obtuvieron mediante una encuesta aplicada a 18 018 usuarios que asistieron a 73 servicios de salud de 13 estados de México. Los usuarios debían calificar la forma en que la institución se había desempeñado en siete de los ocho dominios del trato adecuado de los usuarios (autonomía, confidencialidad, comunicación, trato respetuoso, condiciones de las instalaciones básicas, acceso a redes de apoyo social y capacidad de elección). En el cuestionario se presentaron viñetas para valorar las expectativas de los usuarios. Se aplicó un modelo probit ordinal compuesto con la percepción sobre la calidad de cada uno de los dominios del trato adecuado como variable dependiente y el sexo, la escolaridad, la edad, el tipo de proveedor y las expectativas de los usuarios como variables de control.
Resultados. El principal factor que determinó la percepción de los usuarios sobre el trato que recibieron en los servicios de salud en México fue el proveedor. Las instituciones de seguridad social mostraron el peor desempeño, mientras que los servicios del programa destinado a la población rural (IMSS Oportunidades) recibieron las mejores calificaciones. En general, el dominio mejor calificado fue el trato respetuoso, mientras que la menor calificación se asignó a la capacidad de elección del proveedor. Los hombres consideraron haber tenido mejor comunicación que las mujeres, mientras que el trato respetuoso, la comunicación y el apoyo social tuvieron una asociación significativa inversa con respecto al nivel educacional (P <0,05).
Conclusiones. Se encontraron diferencias en la forma en que los diferentes proveedores públicos de servicios de salud de México tratan a sus usuarios, independientemente de las características socioeconómicas de estos. Los proveedores de las instituciones de seguridad social mostraron más deficiencias en este sentido. El trato respetuoso fue un dominio que presentó calificaciones altas en todos los proveedores. Se deben realizar modificaciones organizativas, ya que las deficiencias encontradas no están únicamente determinadas por el perfil del personal de salud, sino también por aspectos relacionados con la forma en que está estructurado el sistema de salud en México.

English

Quality control of the serological diagnosis of dengue in laboratories throughout the Americas, 1996–2001

OBJECTIVE: To report the results from participating laboratories for four external quality control proficiency tests of dengue serological diagnosis that were carried out in the Region of the Americas in the period of 1996–2001.
METHODS: External quality control proficiency tests of dengue serological diagnosis were carried out in 1996–1997, 1998–1999, 1999–2000, and 2000–2001. Panels made up of 20 serum samples (12 of them positive for dengue IgM antibodies) were sent to participating laboratories in the Region. The sera were negative for HIV antibodies, hepatitis C virus antibodies, and hepatitis B surface antigen. The sera were stored at –20 °C until they were sent in refrigerated shipments to the participating laboratories. The presence of IgM antibodies was determined through IgM-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while the IgG antibody titer was determined by hemagglutination inhibition or by IgG ELISA. The results of the IgM antibody testing that differed from those of the reference center were considered discordant. The IgG antibody titer was considered discordant when the results differed by two dilutions or more with respect to the reference center's results.
RESULTS: A total of 27 laboratories received a total of 59 serum panels over the 1996– 2001 period, and the results from testing 54 of those panels (91.5%) were sent back in. Of the total of 1 080 sera samples from those 54 panels, the results from 95.6% of the IgM antibody tests were concordant with the results from the reference center. With 47 of the 54 panels (87.0%) the participating laboratories' agreement with the reference center's results for the IgM antibody testing was 90.0% or higher. The laboratories sent back results from a total of 27 IgG antibody titer tests, and 22 of them (81.5%) coincided with those from the reference center. Considering the IgM antibody testing results from the four periods, the findings from 22 of the participating laboratories coincided with those from the reference center for at least 90% of the samples, and 13 of the laboratories were in complete concordance with the reference center.
CONCLUSIONS: The majority of the participating laboratories showed an excellent level of performance in detecting dengue IgG and IgM antibodies. However, the deficiencies found in some instances confirm the need for continuing to improve laboratory diagnosis of dengue in the Region of the Americas.

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OBJETIVO: Dar a conocer los resultados de cuatro controles externos de la calidad del diagnóstico serológico del dengue realizados en la Región de las Américas en el período de 1996– 2001 y presentar los resultados obtenidos por los laboratorios participantes.
MÉTODOS: Se realizaron controles externos de la calidad del diagnóstico serológico del dengue en 1996–1997, 1998–1999, 1999–2000 y 2000–2001. Paneles compuestos por 20 sueros (12 de estos positivos a anticuerpos IgM contra el dengue) fueron enviados a laboratorios de la Región para que participaran en los controles realizados. Los sueros de los paneles eran negativos a anticuerpos contra el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana y el virus de la hepatitis C, así como al antígeno de superficie de la hepatitis B, y fueron almacenados a –20 °C hasta su envío en refrigeración a los laboratorios participantes. La presencia de anticuerpos IgM se determinó mediante un ensayo inmunoenzimático (ELISA) de captura, mientras que el título de anticuerpos IgG se determinó por inhibición de la hemoaglutinación o ELISA de IgG. Los resultados de la determinación de anticuerpos IgM contra el dengue que no coincidían con los del centro de referencia se consideraron discordantes. El título de anticuerpos IgG se consideró discordante cuando los resultados difirieron en dos diluciones o más con respecto al resultado del centro de referencia.
RESULTADOS: Un total de 27 laboratorios recibió 59 paneles de sueros de 1996 a 2001, y se recibieron los resultados del análisis de 54 de esos paneles (91,5%). De 1 080 sueros (20 X 54), 95,6% coincidieron con el laboratorio de referencia en cuanto a los resultados de la detección de anticuerpos IgM contra el dengue. Además, en 47 paneles (87%) la coincidencia con el laboratorio de referencia se observó en 90% de las muestras del panel o más. De los 27 paneles para los cuales se recibieron los resultados de los títulos de anticuerpos IgG contra el dengue, 22 (81,5%) coincidieron con el centro de referencia. Tomando en conjunto los cuatro controles realizados, 22 laboratorios coincidieron con el centro de referencia en 90% de las muestras o más y 13 en 100% de las muestras en cuanto a la presencia de IgM.
CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados indican que la mayoría de los laboratorios participantes mostraron un excelente desempeño en la detección de anticuerpos IgG e IgM contra el dengue. No obstante, las deficiencias encontradas en algunos casos confirman la necesidad de seguir perfeccionando el diagnóstico de laboratorio del dengue en la Región.

English

Sociodemographic and environmental factors associated with sports physical activity in the urban population of Peru

OBJECTIVES: To determine the frequency ofa sports physical activity in the urban population of Peru and to identify the sociodemographic, economic, and environmental factors associated with that activity.
METHODS: This study utilized information collected by the country's National Household Survey (Encuesta Nacional de Hogares) in the second quarter of 1997. That Survey is overseen by Peru's National Institute of Statistics and Informatics (Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática). The Survey was based on a probabilistic, multistage sample that was stratified for all the urban areas of the country, which was divided into eight geographic regions: metropolitan Lima, northern coast, central coast, southern coast, northern mountains, central mountains, southern mountains, and jungle. In total, 14 913 homes were visited and 45 319 people at least 15 years of age were interviewed. The frequency of engaging in sports physical activity was classified as daily, every other day, weekly, or occasional. "Regular sports activity" (RSA) was defined as engaging in sports either every day or every other day. The preferences for and obstacles to sports practice were also examined. A descriptive analysis of the levels of RSA was carried out for gender, using the chi-square test. The factors associated with RSA were analyzed through conditional multiple logistic regression and analysis of residuals, multicollinearity, and interactions. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05.
RESULTS: Practicing sports at least once a week was more common among men (44.5%) than among women (32.4%), and the same was true for RSA (12.8% versus 10.5%). The age group with the highest level of RSA was 50–55 years for men (20%), and 40–45 years for women (18%). RSA was most common in three geographic regions: jungle (15.3%), central mountains (12.8%), and central coast (12.1%). RSA was least common in two regions: southern mountains (9.7%) and metropolitan Lima (10.6%). The income bracket was not associated with RSA. However, other variables associated indirectly with the socioeconomic level–such as having more formal education, being employed, and having access to the Internet or cable television–and consumption of sports information were significantly and directly associated with RSA. The most frequent barriers to practicing sports were the lack of time, the lack of nearby sports infrastructure (playing fields or courts, etc.), and people's lack of interest. RSA on the part of the members of a household was significantly associated with RSA performed by the head of the household (male or female).
CONCLUSIONS: RSA is limited in the urban areas of Peru. This is most true for persons who are less than 30 years old, for women, and for residents of the Lima metropolitan area. This low RSA level is a challenge for public health, and it confirms the need for promoting active lifestyles. More study is needed on the observed positive influence when the head of the household performs RSA and on the fact that RSA is more common in urban areas outside metropolitan Lima. These two findings should also be taken into consideration in designing specific interventions.

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OBJETIVOS: Determinar la frecuencia de la actividad deportiva en la población urbana del Perú e identificar los factores sociodemográficos, económicos y ambientales asociados con ella.
MÉTODOS: Se utilizó la información recogida por la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares del segundo trimestre del año 1997, Perú (ENAHO 97-II), a cargo del Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática del Perú. ENAHO-97 se basó en un muestreo probabilístico, multietápico y estratificado de todo el territorio nacional urbano dividido en ocho regiones geográficas: Lima metropolitana, costa norte, costa centro, costa sur, sierra norte, sierra centro, sierra sur y selva. En total se visitaron 14 913 hogares y fueron entrevistadas 45 319 personas de 15 años o mayores. La información sobre la frecuencia de la práctica deportiva fue clasificada en diaria, interdiaria (en días alternos), semanal u ocasional. La actividad deportiva regular (ADR) se definió como la práctica de cualquier deporte con una frecuencia diaria o interdiaria. Además se examinaron las preferencias y obstáculos para la práctica deportiva. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de los niveles de ADR según el sexo mediante la prueba de ji al cuadrado. Se analizaron los factores asociados con la ADR mediante regresión logística múltiple condicional y análisis de residuos, multicolinearidad e interacciones. El nivel de significación utilizado fue de 0,05.
RESULTADOS: La práctica de deportes al menos una vez a la semana y de ADR fue mayor entre los hombres (44,5 y 12,8%, respectivamente) que ente las mujeres (32,4 y 10,5%). El grupo de edad en que hubo una mayor práctica de ADR fue el de 50–55 años en los hombres (20%) y el de 40–45 años en las mujeres (18%). Se encontró que en la zona de la selva, sierra centro y costa centro se practica más deporte (15,3, 12,8 y 12,1%, respectivamente), mientras que en Lima metropolitana y sierra sur se observan los valores más bajos (10,6 y 9,7%, respectivamente). El nivel de ingresos no mostró asociación con la práctica de ADR, aunque otras variables asociadas indirectamente con el nivel socioeconómico –como el mayor nivel educacional, tener empleo y tener acceso a Internet o a televisión por cable– y el consumo de información deportiva estuvieron significativa y directamente asociados con la práctica de ADR. Las barreras más frecuentes para la práctica del deporte fueron la falta de tiempo y de infraestructura y el desinterés de la población. La práctica de ADR por parte de los miembros de un hogar estuvo significativamente asociada con la presencia de un jefe de hogar que practicaba deportes activamente.
CONCLUSIONES: La práctica de ADR en las zonas urbanas del Perú es escasa. Los más afectados son los menores de 30 años, las mujeres y los residentes del área metropolitana de la capital. Esta insuficiente práctica de ADR constituye un reto para la salud pública y reafirma la necesidad de promover estilos de vida activos. La influencia positiva observada cuando el jefe del hogar es un deportista activo y la mayor ADR encontrada en zonas urbanas fuera del área metropolitana de Lima deben ser objeto de estudios más profundos y deben tomarse en consideración para el diseño de intervenciones específicas.

English

Promoting health and physical activity in Chile: a policy priority

This piece describes and analyzes the situation with respect to physical activity in Chile and the policies and strategies that have been developed in order to combat sedentary lifestyles. The level of sedentary lifestyles in the Chilean population is very high, with 91% performing less than 30 minutes of physical activity three times per week. This predicament has worsened as a result of increased urbanization and economic growth over the past decade, with a resulting increase in the number of cars and televisions, along with a rise in the number of hours that workers are on the job each day. In order to deal with this situation a policy to develop physical activity was implemented as a part of the country's general health promotion policy. This policy is overseen by the CHILE LIFE Council (Consejo VIDA CHILE), which is made up of 28 Chilean institutions. The policy encompasses various strategies, such as preparing guides to active living for the Chilean population, conducting educational activities and human resources training for kindergartens and other schools, establishing regulatory measures, performing research, carrying out media campaigns, reclaiming public spaces for recreation, and creating incentives for physical activity in the workplace. These strategies have been well received by the general population, academicians, professionals, and technicians. This makes it possible to foresee achieving in the medium and long term the objectives that have been set: more active lives and a better state of health for the Chilean population.

English

Women’s empowerment and life expectancy at birth in Mexico

Objectives. To assess the effect of women’s empowerment (WE) on life expectancy at birth (LEB) in the federative states of Mexico and to compare the results of measuring WE with various compound indicators that reflect, to a greater or lesser degree, an individual or population focus.
Methods. This was an ecological study conducted in Mexico’s 32 federative states. We estimated the correlations between overall and sex-specific LEB on the one hand, and a measure of gender empowerment (MGE), the index of women’s ability to make decisions within the household (WADH), the index of women’s autonomy (IWA), income inequality, certain aspects of the physical environment, the proportion of the population who spoke an indigenous language, and the net migratory rate on the other. By using robust regressions, we studied the effect on LEB of MGE, IWA, and WADH, after mutually adjusting for other independent variables.
Results. A very strong inverse correlation (–0.93) was found between overall LEB and factors of the physical environment linked to population vulnerability and biodiversity. Significant direct and inverse correlations were also found between LEB on the one hand and WADH, IWA, net migratory rate, the percentage of the population that spoke an indigenous language, and the Gini coefficient on the other. Multiple robust regressions showed inverse associations between MGE and LEB in women (b: –1.44; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: –2.71 to –0.17). WAI was positively associated with LEB in men (b: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.01 to 1.75) and women (b: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.03 to 1.30).
Conclusion. The use of MGE as a surrogate for WE failed to reveal a positive effect of WE on LEB in Mexico. It is necessary to review the components that make up MGE and the relevance of using such a measure in different contexts. WAI showed a greater association with LEB and its effect was greater among men. This indicator made it possible to measure WE in Mexico and its use is recommended, as long as there are no other indicators available for capturing more effectively all the components that affect WE.

Español

Objetivos. Evaluar el efecto del empoderamiento de las mujeres (EM) sobre la esperanza de vida al nacer (EVN) en los estados federativos de México y comparar los resultados de medir el EM con diferentes indicadores compuestos que privilegian en mayor o menor medida un enfoque individual o poblacional.
Métodos. Estudio ecológico con datos de los 32 estados federativos mexicanos. Se estimaron las correlaciones entre la EVN total y por sexo y la medida de empoderamiento de género (MEG), el índice de poder de decisión de la mujer en el hogar (IPDH), el índice de autonomía de la mujer (IAM), la desigualdad en el ingreso, algunos factores del ambiente físico, la proporción de la población que hablaba lengua indígena y la tasa migratoria neta. Mediante regresiones robustas se exploró el efecto de la MEG y los índices de autonomía y de poder de decisión de la mujer en el hogar sobre la EVN, ajustado por las demás variables independientes.
Resultados. Se encontró una correlación inversa muy fuerte (–0,93) entre la EVN total y el factor del ambiente físico que caracteriza la vulnerabilidad poblacional y la biodiversidad. También se encontraron correlaciones significativas, tanto directas como inversas, entre la EVN por una parte y el IPDH, el IAM, la tasa migratoria neta, el porcentaje de la población que hablaba lengua indígena y el coeficiente de Gini por la otra. Las regresiones robustas múltiples mostraron asociaciones inversas entre la MEG y la EVN en mujeres (β: –1,44; intervalo de confianza de 95% [IC95%]: –2,71 a –0,17). El IAM se asoció de manera directa con la EVN en hombres (β: 0,88; IC95%: 0,01 a 1,75) y mujeres (β: 0,66; IC95%: 0,03 a 1,30). Conclusión. El uso de la MEG como aproximación al EM no puso de manifiesto efectos positivos del EM sobre la EVN en México. Se deben revisar los elementos que integran la MEG y la pertinencia de su uso en diversos contextos. El IAM mostró una mayor asociación con la EVN y su efecto fue de mayor magnitud en los hombres. Este indicador permitió medir la EM en México y se recomienda usarlo mientras no se tenga otro que permita captar más eficazmente todos los elementos que inciden en el EM.